Prof. Dr. Adnan I. Al-Hindi. شي ون البحث العلمي و الدراسات العليا Research and postgraduate Affair

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1 Prof. Dr. Adnan I. Al-Hindi شي ون البحث العلمي و الدراسات العليا Research and postgraduate Affair

2 Definitions Acitation is a reference to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source). You identify sources by citing them in the text of your assignment (called citations or in-text citations) and referencing them at the end of your assignment (called the reference list or end-text citations).

3 Referencing is telling your reader where you learned or found the information that you are writing. OR Referencing is the process of acknowledging the sources you have used in writing your essay, assignment or piece of work. It allows the reader to access your source documents as quickly and easily as possible in order to verify, if necessary, the validity of your arguments and the evidence on which

4 You should write references in 2 places, in your text and at the end of the text

5 By referring to the works of established authorities and experts in your subject area, you can add weight to your comments and arguments. This helps to demonstrate that you have read widely, and considered and analysed the writings of others. Remember, good referencing can help you attain a better grade or mark (often between five and ten percent of the total). Most importantly, good referencing is essential to avoid any possible accusation of plagiarism.

6 Plagiarism is a term that describes the unacknowledged use of someone's work. This includes material or ideas from any (published or unpublished) sources, whether print, web-based (even if freely available) or audiovisual. Using the words or ideas of others without referencing your source would be considered as plagiarism and is a very serious academic offence. At the end of the day, it is regarded as stealing intellectual property. سرقة الملكية الفكرية.

7 الصدق الفكري Intellectual honesty To acknowledging the relevance علاقة of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the site where the citation appears. To تعزو / تنسبattribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources. To allow the reader to determine independently whether the referenced material supports the author's argument حجة in the claimed way. So that your readers can find useful background information; e.g. by finding the book in the library

8 Because ideas are the currency of academia Citing sources is important because the currency of academia is ideas. As a result, academics want to accumulate that currency; they want to get credit for their contributions.when a writer cites ideas, that writer honors those who initiated the ideas. Because failing to cite violates the rights of the person who originated the idea keeping track of sources is important because, if you use someone else's idea without giving credit, you violate that person's ownership of the idea. علم ideas: Because academics need to be able to trace the geneology of keeping track of sources is important because academics الانساب من الافكار value being able to trace the way ideas develop. Consider the scientist who looks at an experiment described in a new publication, and then decides to perform an experiment to extend the results. At the same time, other scientists are planning experiments to test the findings, to contest the findings, to relate the findings to their own research:

9 To show that you are building on previous research To show readers that you are well-informed in this area and that therefore your writing is more جدير بالثقة trustworthy So that the library has enough information to order the book or journal if they don't have it So that readers and especially teachers and examiners can check that you haven't failed to understand or misrepresented what the author wrote So that other writers can find background material to use in their writing

10 At Grinnell college, the following formats are common: Sociology: American Sociological Association format Psychology: American Psychological Association format History: Chicago Manual of Style English: Modern Language Association Anthropology: Guidelines for Student Papers Biology: Investigations Booklet

11 Article: author(s), article title, journal title, date of publication, and page number(s). Book: author(s), book title, publisher, date of publication, and page number(s) if appropriate Web: author(s), article and publication title where appropriate, as well as a URL, and a date when the site was accessed Thesis: author, thesis title, the name of the University, the page number (s) Report: author (s), title of the report, the name of organization, the series number

12 In addition information such as author(s), date of publication, title and page numbers, citations may also include unique identifiers depending on the type of work being referred to. Citations of books may include an International Standard Book Number (ISBN). Specific volumes, articles or other identifiable parts of a periodical, may have an associated Serial Item and Contribution Identifier (SICI). Electronic documents may have a digital object identifier (DOI). -Biomedical research articles may have a PubMed Identifier (PMID).

13 Parenthetical referencing also known as Harvard referencing where full or partial, in-text citations are enclosed within parentheses and embedded in the paragraph, as opposed to the footnote style. An example of a parenthetical reference would be: (Al-Hindi, 2010) Alternately a list of the citations with complete bibliographical references may be included in an end section sorted alphabetically by author's last name.

14 References Bibliography Works cited Works consulted

15 You can give the source of your ideas in 3 ways, by: quoting نقلا عن / استشهد summarising تلخيص and.الاقتباس paraphrasing All three should contain an in-text reference including the author's family name,

16 'Quoting' means using the exact same words as the original author. There are 3 ways you can do this: 1. Quotation integrated with the text. This is for shorter pieces of text; e.g. from one word up to two sentences. e.g. 'Pragmatics', says Yule Yule (1996), 'is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer).'

17 2. Quotation using ellipsis حذف (... ) to omit certain words, phrases or sentences from the original. You can do this to miss out any unnecessary information. e.g. Yule Yule argues that pragmatics 'requires a consideration how speakers organize what they want to say... and under what circumstances' (1996). 3. Quotation in an indented (narrow margins) paragraph, without quotation marks. This is for longer pieces of text, for example for paragraphs. e.g. For example, Yule Yule points out:

18 Summarising is writing a summary of what the author says. Summarising is useful because: You can miss out unnecessary details, such as examples You can use less words than the author, and therefore reduce the number of words in your writing A summary should have about 50% or less words than the words that you are summarising. A summary should have both an in-text reference and a reference in the bibliography.

19 Paraphrasing means using the ideas of an author, but not using his or her exact words. However, the meaning should be the same. You can do this, for example, to say that 2 different authors have the same opinion, and give the opinion as a paraphrase. This shows that you can categorise ideas, which is a useful studying skill which can improve your marks in assignments.

20 e.g. According to Yule (1996) and Grundy (1995) pragmatics is about how people understand each other's meaning from their words. Other phrases besides 'According to...' that you can use to do this include: 'As stated by...'(an author or authors) -'As stated in...'(books, articles or papers)

21 Channel, J. (1994). Vague language. Oxford: Oxford University Press. For an article in an edited book: Halliday, M.A.K. (1993). Quantitative studies and probabilities in grammar. In Hoey, M. (ed.) Data, Description, Discourse. London: HarperCollins, For an edited book: Hoey, M. (ed.) (1993). Data, description, discourse.

22 Al-Binali AM, Bello CS, El-Shewy K et al. (2006) The prevalence of parasites in commonly used leafy vegetables in South Western, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 27: Boufana, B., Lett1, W., Lahmar, S., Griffiths, A., Jenkins, D.J., Buishi, I., Engliez, S.A., Alrefadi, M.A., Eljak, A.A., Elmestiri, F.M., Reyes, M.M., Pointing, S., Al-Hindi, A., Torgerson, P.R., Okamoto, M. and Craig, P.S. (2015): Canine echinococcosis: genetic diversity of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) from definitive hosts. Journal of Helminthology; page

23 Authentication method: Editor's famous name, first name (followed by last name then first Mahrranachrin if any). Year of publication. Description of abstracts and conference title; Conference Date Year, month and day; the conference venue. Place of Publication: Publisher. Number of pages. Powers, J.D,.Powers, T.E Proceedings of the 10th annual food animal medicine conference: the use of drugs in food animal medicine; 1984 Sep 25-26; Columbus,Ohio. Columbus: The Ohio State University Press. 310 p.

24 AUTHOR(S), Year of publication. Title. Type of quali. DAVIS, L., British travellers and the rediscovery of Sicily: 16th-19th century. PhD Thesis, Southampton Solent Universityfication, Academic institution

25 . Loker, W.M".Campesinos" and the crisis of modernization in Latin America. Jour of Pol Ecol[ serial online] 1996; 3(1). Availablehttp://

26 Colvin, G. (2008, July 21). Information worth billions. Fortune, 158(2), Retrieved from Business Source Complete, EBSCO. Retrieved from

27 Young, R. F. (2007). Crossing boundaries in urban ecology: Pathways to sustainable cities (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses database. (UMI No )

28 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2005). Medicaid drug price comparisons: Average manufacturer price to published prices (OIG publication No. OEI ). Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from pdf

29 Deming, D., & Dynarski, S. (2008). The lengthening of childhood (NBER Working Paper 14124). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved July 21, 2008, from

30 Victor, N. M. (2008). Gazprom: Gas giant under strain. Retrieved from Stanford University, Program on Energy and Sustainable Development Web site: _giant_under_strain/

31 References to audio-visual media must include the following elements: name and function of the primary contributors (e.g., producer, director), date, title, the medium in brackets, location or place of production, and name of the distributor. If the medium is indicated as part of the retrieval ID, brackets are not needed.

32 Achbar, M. (Director/Producer), Abbott, J. (Director), Bakan, J. (Writer), & Simpson, B. (Producer) (2004). The corporation [DVD]. Canada: Big Picture Media Corporation.

33 Anderson, R., & Morgan, C. (Producers). (2008, June 20). 60 Minutes [Television broadcast]. Washington, DC: CBS News.

34 Bloomberg L.P. (2008). Return on capital for Hewitt Packard 12/31/90 to 09/30/08. Retrieved Dec. 3, 2008, from Bloomberg database. Central Statistics Office of the Republic of Botswana. (2008). Gross domestic product per capita 06/01/1994 to 06/01/2008 [statistics]. Available from CEIC Data database.

35 Can I use abbreviations in the title of a paper? Avoid using abbreviations in the title of a paper. Writing out the full term in the title will ensure potential readers know exactly what you mean, and if your article is formally published, it will ensure it is accurately indexed. an I use abbreviations in the running head? There is no official guidance on whether to use abbreviations in the running head. We recommend that you avoid them, If you do use an abbreviation in a running head, you can use it straightaway without definition. Instead, define the abbreviation the first time

36 Can I use abbreviations in the abstract? In general, it is not necessary to use abbreviations in the abstract because the abstract is so short. However, if the abbreviation would help the reader recognize a term or find your article via search, then it is permissible to include an abbreviation in the abstract, even if it is not used three times. When you use an abbreviation in both the abstract and the text,

37 Can I use abbreviations in tables and figures? Yes, you can use abbreviations in tables and figures. All abbreviations used in tables and figures should be defined in the table note or figure caption, respectively, even though the abbreviations will be also be defined in the text if they are used there. The purpose of defining abbreviations in the table note or figure caption is that if other authors reuse your graphical display in a future paper, the definitions of the terms will be attached. Additionally, many readers will an article before reading it closely, and defining abbreviations in tables and figures will allow the readers to understand the abbreviations skim immediately.

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39 M.Sc. PhD. Own research Then you will avoid errors and mistakes which are the dominant phenomenon among postgraduates. Be careful here you can avoid the bad situation in VIVA??????????????

40 EndNote

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42 EndNote is an online search tool it provides a simple way to search online bibliographic databases and retrieve the references directly into EndNote. Objectives: -To write and cite your references in easy way. -To write your references in short time. -To avoid mistakes during citation of references.

43 Thank you